history of dental highspeed handpiece

human beings always had struggled with tooth decay and always had a thought how can get rid of it.before bronze age, people usually suffer from tooth ache until such a time that the decayed tooth become mobile and suddenly or intentionally be removed.  until such a time in bronze age that the Indus Valley Civilization has yielded evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (6000–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1600 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of the South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.  This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated which is an ancient form of drilling tool. It commonly was used to make friction fire, and in this function it also was called a fire drill. However, the same principle also was used widely in drilling for purposes of woodworking and dentistry, perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen. The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective. Cavities of 3.5 mm depth with concentric groovings indicate use of a drill tool. The age of the teeth has been estimated at 9000 years. In later times, mechanical hand drills were used. Like most hand drills, they were quite slow, with speeds of up to 15 rpm. In 1864, British dentist George Fellows Harrington invented a clockwork dental drill (mechanisms utilizing a complex series of gears)  named Erado. The device was much faster than earlier drills, but also very noisy. In 1868, American dentist George F. Green came up with a pneumatic dental drill powered with pedal-operated bellows. James B. Morrison devised a pedal-powered burr drill in 1871.

The first electric dental drill was patented in 1875 by Green, a development that revolutionized dentistry. By 1914, electric dental drills could reach speeds of up to 3000 rpm. A second wave of rapid development occurred in the 1950s and 60s, including the development of the air turbine drill.

The modern incarnation of the dental drill is the air turbine (or air rotor) hand piece, developed by John Patrick Walsh (later knighted) and members of the staff of the Dominion Physical Laboratory (DPL) Wellington, New Zealand. The first official application for a provisional patent for the handpiece was granted in October 1949. This handpiece was driven by compressed air. The final model is held by the Commonwealth Inventions development Board in Canada. The New Zealand patent number is No/104611. The patent was granted in November to John Patrick Walsh who conceived the idea of the contra angle air-turbine handpiece after he had used a small commercial-type air grinder as a straight handpiece. Dr. John Borden developed it in America and it was first commercially manufactured and distributed by the DENTSPLY Company as the Borden Airotor in 1957. Borden Airotors soon were also manufactured by different other companies like KaVo Dental, which built their first one in 1959.

Current iterations can operate at up to 800,000 rpm, however, most common is a 400,000 rpm "high speed" hand piece for precision work complemented with a "low speed" handpiece operating at a speed that is dictated by a micro motor which creates the momentum (max up to 40,000 rpm) for applications requiring higher torque than a high-speed hand piece can deliver.

Orofacial manifestation of psychiatric disease

Any human being is consist of soma and psyche, Relation between soma and psyche is so close, traditionally , we regard mind (psyche) and soma (body)as separate but there seems less evidence to justify for maintain this division. In many illnesses there is an interplay of psychological and physical factors. Psyche and soma are in constant reaction to each other so it’s difficult to say which is influencing the other one. The imperial example is that if someone is happy, he will smile (mind over body) and in times if you just simply smile, after a while, his mood will change.

Sometimes some psychologic disorder might manifest as organic disorder so it has a huge importance to determine if it’s psychological underlying or physical.

In dentistry its really important to find out the underlying cause of the symptoms in order to make a reliable diagnosis

For example, manifestation of anesthesia associated pain during injection can be manifest as burning sensation or orofacial pain in hysteric patient.

exodontia

here is slides about extraction of teeth, armamentarium, basic techniques and the essentials for extraction of each tooth!
hope it will be useful!
ptinciples

New Classification of Periodontal Diseases

Unquestionably classification of periodontal diseases is very complex and certainly not easy. It is, therefore, understandable that besides the numerous classifications which have been applied so far, or are still in use, the latest classification is only a temporary solution to this problem. The first generally acknowledged classification appeared in 1966 in Ann Arbor (Michigan, USA) during the first Workshop, at which there was almost no discussion on classification of diseases, apart from their classification into “Gingivitis” and “Periodontitis”. The reason for this being that at that time classifications were based more on the pathomorphological. on the basis of clinical appearance and course of disease, while knowledge on the etiology and pathogenesis were deficient. However, a dynamic pathobiological view, based on aetiology and microbiology, changed the concept of classification at that time, mainly due to the authors Page and Schroeder in 1982. Classification of Periodontal Diseases Third World Workshop of the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) held in 1989 in Princetown (California, USA) for the first time a detailed classification was presented of periodontal diseases and conditions. During the following years classification of periodontal diseases was corrected and simplified in America and in Europe. At the beginning of November, 1999 the Workshop for Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions was held which for the first time offered the opportunity of agreeing on a globally accepted and scientifically founded classification. The aim of this study was to present the latest classification of periodontal diseases and to recommend it to epidemiologists, scientists and clinicians, working in the field of periodontology.

Invisalign

Are you that kind of person who is aware of your beauty? And of course you are aware that you are able to level up your beauty simply by have a smile

 Maybe you have seen your friends and family who undergone orthodontics treatment and they are complaining that their dentist fill their mouth with a lot of wires by putting metal braces and every time they smile they have a metallic smile and they also complain to you that it’s hard to maintain their oral hygiene with those wires in their mouth! And having” bad breath”

Or maybe you just discouraged to undergo orthodontic treatment, just simply by seeing those people around you with metallic smile!

If it’s so, there is a good news for you, the new technology bring you a gift of beauty without having any worries about complications of metal braces!

How?

Simply by using invisalign!

What is invisalign? Invisalign (also known as clear braces or invisible brace) is made of series of custom-made aligners which made of smooth, comfortable and virtually invisible plastics, for you and only you!

The only thing that you need is to wear them and they do the magic and gradually shift your teeth and align them according to the exact movements that your dentist planned out for you!

No more metal brackets to be attached to your teeth and no metal wires to tighten! You only receives a series of aligners which you have to change them according to the schedule that you dentist will give you, isn’t sound nice?

As you start to wear the invisalign, you will feel less irritation and discomfort unlike conventional metal braces, thanks to the smooth and comfortable plastic that invisalign made up with.

Since invisalign made up of smooth and comfortable invisible plastic, they’re less bulky in compare to metal braces so less noticeable to your tongue which means that you will easily get to use to them and you will forget that you are wearing them!

Its not only you, who will not feeling them, but other people whom you are facing to, cant notice you wearing invisalign which means that you can comfortably dedicate your smile to those around you! The only thing that they can notice is that your smile is getting more beautiful every day!

If you are getting excited about invisalign, let me tell you that its not the end of story! There is mote advantages to know!

In your dentist office, upon agreement to have invisalign orthodontic treatment, your dentist will take x-rays, pictures and impressions of your teeth, which Invisalign will use to create a digital 3-D image of them. From these images your doctor will be able to tell you the approximate length of treatment. So you would know how long does it take to finish the course of your treatment.

 Using the same technology your doctor will be able to show you a virtual representation of how your teeth will move with each stage of treatment and as well show you how will be the end result of your treatment, which increase the rate of success and reduce the risk of failure in compare to metal braces which means saving time, effort, money and energy to receive a well-deserved smile!

As you receive your set of invisalign, what you need is  Simply wearing them throughout the day, the good thing is that as invisalign is custom-made it’s not associated with initial pain of orthodontic treatment which is normal in metal braces, the other good thing about invisalign is that you are able to remove them when you are going to eat so unlike the metal braces, you can eat whatever you like no matter how hard or sticky is that food, there is no personal sacrifice, you can eat popcorn, chips, bagels, hard-crusted bread, pizza crust, pretzels, nuts, certain candies…plus apples, carrots, corn on the cob, and more .in the other hand, you can simply brush and floss your teeth without a need to buy special brush as needed to clean conventional braces that means easily maintained oral hygiene and lesser amount of plaque formation unlike  conventional metal braces which means less chance of periodontal diseases and having some foul smell.

As they are made up of smooth and comfortable plastic, well designed for you, they are not traumatic to your cheeks and you can go to sleep with them easily without having worry to wake up at morning and having some sore spots on your cheeks which is common in metal brace wearers.

The other good news is that as you start wearing your custom-made invisalings you just need to start wearing a new set after 2 weeks or so, and just have an occasional checkups with your dentist to observe your progress.

supraperosteal anesthetic injection

Basic Instruments